Slavery Through The Ages, by Elizabeth W. C. Junner

The slaves, it appears, like the poor, we have had always with us. In the Oxford Illustrated History of Britain there appears a picture of a chain linking five anklets dating from the Iron Age! In other words, slavery was in effect around 800BC to 60AD. This discovery appears to say tribal rulers could enslave their own own lowly people, or perhaps those of other tribes gained through barter or war. One of the most famous tribes was the Iceni, who lived around what is modern day Norfolk. Which may explain why the Roman invasion was not total in that area - who has not heard of their famous Queen Boudica?

 

The widow of King Prasutagus, she raised an army against the Romans in a failed attempt to halt their total control of her people. We may assume Boudica, as a ruler’s wife, had many servants, perhaps slaves, though we may hope she was humane enough not to have her gardeners or farm workers chained together. 

The Venerable Bede recalls the story of Pope Gregory when he saw fair-skinned, blue-eyed Anglo-Saxon boys in the slave market in Rome. “Who are these people?” the Pope asked. “They are Angles,” he was told. “Non Angli sed Angeli, (Not Angles, but Angels” replied Gregory.)

In December, 1085, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book to raise taxes to pay for his army. In effect, this was a census by which William could determine the exact status and wealth of his subjects throughout the realm. This minutely detailed volume shows that no fewer than nine percent of the English were listed as slaves in that year.

Nor were all traders white. Islamic and African tribes traded in children. In Hugh Barnes’ illuminating The Stolen Prince he outlines the life and times of Abram Petrovich Gannibal. Although the early part of Gannibal’s life is obscure, he always insisted he was a king’s son, a prince of Abyssinia.  He was captured as a seven or eight year old by Islamic slave traders and thrust on a ship bound for Constantinople. He eventually ended up in the court of Peter the Great.

The Tsar recognised the child’s intelligence, took him first as his godson and then as his adopted son. Peter arranged for the boy to have the best education possible in the new capital of Saint Petersburg. The adult Gannibal proved himself more than worthy of this liberal education. He rose through the ranks as a soldier, a spy, a diplomat, and a mathematician. Although he fell from favour in the reign of Peter lll, and was ignored by Catherine after Peter’s assassination, Gannibal’s heritage lives on. He was the great-grandfather of the poet Pushkin (Eugene Onedin), and the ancestor of Prince Philip Mountbatten, Queen Elizabeth’s consort.

Britain was the first nation to really speak out strongly against slavery. There were many respected people who spoke out strongly against slavery. One was the missionary doctor, David Livingstone, (1817-1873) from Blantyre, Scotland. Livingstone’s travels in Africa, his missionary zeal and his efforts to stop the slave trade in children are legendary.

Livingstone meets Stanley -

In 1836, more than fifteen years before Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the much-

travelled Englishwoman, Fanny Trollope, published Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw, the first anti-slavery novel. I love Fanny’s biography, beautifully written by the American Pamela Neville-Sington. Dr. Neville-Sington painstakingly, but never boringl, details Fanny’s richly adventurous life.

However, perhaps the most famous abolitionist – and a household name in the Scotland of my childhood – was William Wilberforce. As a young man on his Grand Tour of Europe, Wilberforce and his friend read William Law’s book, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life.” Inspired by this, William seriously considered entering clerical life, but friends persuaded him he could serve God better through politics. While he was an ardent supporter of parliamentary reform, public education, overseas missions and religious freedom, Wilberforce’s commitment to the abolition of slavery and the slave trade was unswerving and perseverant. He introduced his first anti-slavery motion in 1788. Though this was defeated, William brought it up every year thereafter until finally, in 1806, eighteen years after that first motion, the slave trade was finally abolished. Still Wilberforce pressed against slavery and was rewarded for his tireless campaign when the abolition bill for all British territories passed four days before his death in 1833. A year later on, 31^st July 1834, 800,000 slaves, mainly in the British West Indies, were set free. There are several biographies on William Wilberforce, and one movie, Amazing Grace.

One hundred and eighty-four years later, we live in a slave-free world – not quite. The most horrific slavery is carried out today by the Islamic terrorists known as Boko Haram. Newspapers have carried stories of the murders of Christian men and the kidnapping of girls from Government Schools in Nigeria. Children see violent brutality like this on television news; it is difficult to deal with in classrooms, but to do so with honesty is important. We as librarians can co-operate with teachers in pointing out to the children appropriate and interesting books. As teachers, we need to remind them of the many men and women of times gone past who endured hardship, sometimes even death, and who suffered censure in their efforts to improve the lives of others and bring an end to slavery. It would be an interesting project to have the class, in geography and history, find today’s real heroes and heroines in the Nigerians, the Kenyans, the Somalis, the Russians, and the beleaguered peoples of the Middle East who strive day in and day out against all odds for freedom.

Real Heroes In Sports

In the category of reluctant reader - surely the bane of every teacher and school librarian - boys usually outnumber girls. How can you coax them into discovering there’s a whole wealth of interesting, not to mention inspiring, information out there in the world of books?

Introducing them to books about real people who came from backgrounds the majority of children can recognise may not complete the transformation from reluctant to eager reader [and more enthusiastic scholar?], but it could be a big step in the right direction.

The brilliant movie ‘Chariots of Fire’, which cleared the decks at the Oscars after its debut in 1981, brought Eric Liddell’s athletic achievements wide recognition. While, of course, the movie focuses on Eric’s famous race at the 1924 Olympics in Paris, it portrays both the athletic greatness and spiritual integrity of the Scottish missionary.

 ‘The Flying Scotsman’ as Eric Henry Liddell was affectionately known, was born in Tiensing, China, where his parents, the Rev. James and Mrs. Liddell, were both missionaries. Eric attended the local elementary school before being sent to join his brother Rob at Eltham College in England. It was here Eric first showed his athletic prowess, particularly his speed on the track. 

While studying for a science degree at Edinburgh University, Eric competed for the university in rugby and on the track.

He was chosen to represent Scotland in both fields; unfortunately, though he was outstanding in each sport, his studies left him no time for both rugby and running. Forced to choose between them, Eric decided on running. His distances were the 220 yards and the 100 yards but he truly excelled at the latter.

Eric was an automatic choice for the 1924 Paris Olympics;

his elation turned to dismay, however, when he learned the 100 yards heats were to be held on a Sunday. In those days many Scots observed Sunday as truly a day of rest. Sunday Dinner would be prepared as far as possible the evening before! Active outstide games like football and skipping rope were frowned upon. To run on Sunday was against Eric’s Christian ethics. What could he do?

It was suggested he run the 440 yards, a quarter of a mile. Eric hadn’t trained for this distance, but he had a plan for success. Tension ran high. On the morning of the race, one of the masseuses – from the American team I believe - slipped Eric a folded paper on which he had written an encouraging message and which Eric recognised as the masseuse’s variation on 1 Samuel 2:30: ‘He that honours me, him I will honour’.

Eric’s plan was to sprint the first two hundred yards of the 440 to get as far ahead of the field as possible and then, he is quoted as saying, he left it up to God to keep him fast. He won the gold medal in the 440 handily, and the bronze in the 220.    

 

The following year Eric returned to missionary work in China where Japanese aggression was making life increasingly dangerous. In 1941, as the Japanese advanced, Eric sent his family to safety in Canada while he remained to work at a poor station with his brother, who was a doctor. They were overworked, lacking much of the medicine, equipment and food they needed to help the desperate Chinese who came day after day seeking help.

In 1943, Eric was interned along with many others when the Japanese invaded the station. Despite the privations, Eric kept up morale; he taught Bible School, taught science to the children in the camp, and organised games. Overworked, exhausted, and undernourished, Eric developed an inoperable brain tumour. His earthly race finished, he died in February, 1945, just five months before the camp was liberated.  

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How many Puerto Rican kids or kids of Puerto Rican descent have not heard of the great Roberto Enrique Clemente Walker?

Roberto, born in Carolina, Puerto Rico, was the youngest of seven children. When he was old enough he helped his father, a sugar crops foreman, by loading and unloading trucks. Always interested in baseball, Roberto joined Puerto Rico’s amateur league when he was sixteen years old and played for the Ferdinand Juncos team. In 1952 he signed with the winter team,Cangrejeros de Santuce. This was a franchise of the Puerto Rican

Professional Baseball League. While he was there the Brooklyn Dodgers offered Roberto a contract with one of the team’s Triple A affiliates.

This meant a move to the Montréal Royals farm team for Roberto but he never did play for the Dodgers. When Pittsburgh Pirates scout Clyde Sukeforth saw Clemente, he told the Royals’ manager that the Pirates were going to finish last in the league, therefore had the pick of the rookies, and he was picking Roberto Clemente Walker, no question.

His beginnings in Pittsburgh were not the easiest for Roberto. The winter before his rookie season with the Pirates a drunk driver slammed into his car at an intersection in Puerto Rico and left him with a back injury which forced him to sit out many games while he recovered. Because he was black, and spoke little English, the sports media and some of the team gave him a hard time; announcers kept referring to him as Bob, or Bobby, despite his preferring Roberto.  His response to this was he had been raised never to discriminate against anyone because of their ethnicity. As he proved his worth, Pittsburgh loved Roberto; his number was changed from 13 to 20, the number of letters in his full name.

In 1958 he signed for the U.S. Marine Corps. Under their rigorous training he gained ten pounds and had no back problems. By then Roberto was so invaluable to the Pirates team that State Senator John M. Walker sent a letter to U.S. Senator Hugh Scott requesting his early release from the Marines in 1959. Roberto remained a Marine Reserve until September, 1964. 

His rewards in baseball were many, culminating when he earned the World Series Most Valuable Player trophy, yet far outflanking those are his rewards in how he has lived, in what he has done to help others. He helped financially, never to gain recognition but simply because he could, and wanted to. He cared about children especially; his dream was to build a ‘Sports City’ where young Puerto Ricans would have access to coaching in many sports, facilities, and encouragement. In the off-season he taught baseball and ran free clinics for kids in Puerto Rico, especially those from poorer families. He loved his country and did much to raise the status of Puerto Rico and Latin America in the world’s eyes. He was involved in a great deal of charity work, and when Managua, the capital of Nicaragua, was hit by a massive earthquake on 23^rd December, 1972 he immediately began arranging relief flights. When he heard the aid on the first three flights had been siphoned off by the corrupt officials and never reached the victims he decided to go on the fourth flight himself, in hopes his presence would shame them into honesty. On December 31^st he set off on an overloaded plane with an incompetent crew. It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean immediately after takeoff due to engine failure. Roberto’s body has never been recovered, but his legacy lives on in the selfless work he did during his lifetime.                

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And now we come to the last of our sports heroes, who was in his own words a really rotten kid, Louis Zamperini. With co-author David Rensin, in his book ‘Don’t Give Up, Don’t Give In’ he speaks for those kids who are seen to be seriously off the tracks.

 Born in America of Italian parents who spoke Italian at home, he went to kindergarten in California speaking very little English, and very poorly at that. He hated recess when the other kids would surround him to taunt and jeer, to punch and kick him over his poor English, his wiry

hair, and big ears. Eventually his father made him a punch bag, so that Louis learned to fight back – and win.

His older brother Pete was the model son who could do no wrong, and Louis the changeling child who could do no right. He felt he could never live up to Pete, so Louis set out to be as bad as he possibly could be. He was forever getting into trouble with the police, with school, and with his parents. One would think Pete might get fed up with Louis but he never did. He loved his little brother and when all three of the authorities mentioned above were at their wits end, Pete took Louis to the local steel mill, where the workers ‘looked hot, greasy, and dirty’. Louis was aghast. He didn’t want to end up like that, and Pete pointed out that’s exactly where he would end up, unless he smartened up. He warned Louis that no one could force him to turn his life around – he had to want to do that himself.

The school officials decided to give Louis another chance, especially after Pete suggested sports. Too small for football, Louis was entered in an interclass race to run the 660 yards with the promise if he ran, his school slate would be wiped clean. He ran. He came in last, in pain and suffering from having smoked since he was six years old. But the running bug had caught him. He ran, and in running and eventually winning, he found self-respect. He set himself to learn at school, recognizing the importance of education.

Adrift on a raft in the Pacific Ocean for many days before being captured by the Japanese in WWll, Louis endured the brutality of their prison camps. Beaten day after day, he stubbornly refused to give in. When he was finally liberated and returned to America, at first it was great and then it appeared Louis was once again on the slippery slopes. Until his wife persuaded him to hear Billy Graham. Louis finally realised hatred consumes and destroys the person who hates, and accepted Christ in his life.  He worked tirelessly to help young people improve their lives, applying Christ’s teaching of love and tolerance, tough yet encouraging. 

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All pictures are, to the best I can ascertain, in the public domain. And to those who query why my name isn’t on the authors list, it’s because Chris started this blog, and I don’t want to mess it up.